Metals and non-metals are fundamental elements that play crucial roles in various chemical and physical processes. Here’s an easy way to remember their properties:

Metals: REDUCE and FORM BASICS

• Regional Manager (RM) Metals: Metals exhibit reducing properties
• Branch Manager (BM) Metals: Metals form basic oxides when they react with oxygen.

Non-Metals: OXIDIZE and FORM ACIDS

• NO (Non-metals): Non-metals typically show oxidizing properties.
• NA (Non-metals): Non-metals form acidic oxides when they react with oxygen.

By using the “RM-BM” rule for metals and “NO-NA” for non-metals, you can easily recall the fundamental properties of these elements.

Products of Refining Petroleum: The PKDFR Rule

Petroleum refining involves separating crude oil into various useful products. The mnemonic PKDFR helps remember the primary products of this process:

• Petrol
• Kerosene
• Diesel Oil
• Fuel Oil
• Residual Oil

Think of it like this: “PK ADMI DFR HO JATA HAI” – a fun way to remember that refining petroleum produces these key substances

Understanding the Products of Petroleum Refining

• Petrol (Gasoline): A highly volatile liquid used primarily as fuel in internal combustion engines.
• Kerosene: A less volatile liquid used for heating, lighting, and as jet fuel.
• Diesel Oil: Used mainly in diesel engines found in trucks, buses, and some cars.
• Fuel Oil: A heavier fraction used for industrial heating and in ships’ engines.
• Residual Oil: The thick, heavy remnants after all other fractions have been distilled, often used in power plants or further refined.